The studied area is 30 Kilometers from western Abarkuh and near the south-east Abadeh between Yazd and Fars province. Permian Sedimentary Rocks in this area have about 1200m thickness covered by Triassic Rocks. These eleven Sedimentary microfacies are recognized through studying these Rocks. These eleven microfacies occurred in four groups including open marine, bar, lagoon, and tidal flat and each of these microfacies owns the characteristics of one of them. Sea level changes caused these microfacies and accommodation changes produced a sequence with 7 Sedimentary cycles (3-order).  

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in Sedimentary Rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic Rocks, but some are also formed in other Rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from Sedimentary Rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in Sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The Devonian Rocks are exposed in Chah-Riseh which is 55 Kilometers from northeast of Isfahan. These Rocks, with 590m. thickness are composed of sandstones, shales, dolomites, and calcareous marl. Based on field studies and 200 thin section, three clastic and thirteen carbonate microfacies were recognized. These microfacies are deposited in tidalflat, lagoon, bar and open marine sub-environment of an epicontinental sea. Vertical changes in microfacies and their depth change diagram showed that upper Devonian Rocks in this area were composed of meter scale parasequences. They generally showed million years-scale transgressive.  

In this research, processing of Dalir area phosphate ore was investigated for reduction of its gangue minerals such as carbonates (mainly calcite and poorly dolomite) and silicates minerals. According to characterization studies, phosphate mineral content of the ore was Sedimentary collophane mineral and the predominant constituents of the gangues were calcite and quartz. Liberation degree of phosphate mineral determined by using microscopic and sink and float tests to be 140 µm. Primary flotation tests (un-pre-concentrated) results did not have desirable grade and recovery. So, at first step, phosphates samples was subjected to calcination and scrupping process. After scrupping and removing calcium and magnesium oxide, anionic and cationic flotation tests were done. By using a combination methods (calcining, scrupping and flotation) the grade and recovery of final concentrate reaches to 31% and 62% respectively. Finally a Lab-flowsheet of processing was suggested.

SummaryThe resistance properties of the intact rock are dependent on the mineralogical composition and texture of the rock material. In this research, some quantitative relationships were found between petrographic and mechanical properties of Sedimentary Rocks collected from different locations. The results revealed that stone-forming minerals have a great and governing impact on mechanical properties.IntroductionIn the past decades, several researchers investigated the relationship between mineralogical composition and geomechanical properties of different rock types. Much research has been done in the field of textural properties, and their impact on the mechanical properties and drillability [1]. Nonetheless, the influence of mineralogical and texture characteristics on engineering properties has not been well identified yet. This study aims to quantify the relationships between petrographic characteristics and mechanical properties of some Sedimentary Rocks [2-4].Methodology and ApproachesMechanical properties of samples such as uniaxial compressive strength and Brazilian tensile strength were determined in the lab. Then, XRD tests were accomplished to determine the mineralogical composition. Statistical methods were used to determine the relationship between the mineralogical composition of the rock samples and the mechanical properties. Results and ConclusionsQuartz is one of the most important rock forming minerals. Previous experimental research reported very complex and contradictory results on the impact of quarts on uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock. Some research reported that the strength of granite increases with the increase of quartz percentage. Others claimed that quartz harms the strength of granite due to its brittleness. Some others found no significant correlation [5-9]. In this research a direct linear relationship with a strong correlation coefficient between quartz content and UCS and a weaker correlation with the tensile strength was observed.Also, a strong inverse logarithmic relationship was observed between UCS and the feldspar content. (R2=0.84) that is in good agreement with some previous research. This phenomenon may be due to the presence of cleavage and micro-cracks in feldspar minerals. On the other hand, some research showed a direct relationship between the percentage of feldspar and UCS which contradicts observation in this research. Finally, an inverse strong correlation was observed between the feldspar content and Brazilian tensile strength and a weaker inverse correlation with the Schmidt hammer number. This can be due to the existence of weak bonding along the cleavage surfaces as well as the alteration of feldspars. This researcher also revealed that there is a direct strong logarithmic relationship between quartz to feldspar ratio (Q/F) with UCS, the Brazilian tensile strength and the Schmidt hammer number.

Triassic Rocks in Zagros zone, consisting of limestones, dolostones and shale (ca.324 m thick), were examined in Eghlid area (near Nezamabad Village). A lithofacies (shale/marl) and 13 carbonate microfacies, consisting of: 1) paleosol, 2) supratidal mudstone, 3) algal mat boundstone, 4) intertidal mudstone, 5) intertidal breccia, 6) lagoonal mudstone, 7) shale/marl, 8) lagoonal mudstone/wackstone, 9) lagoonal wackstone, 10) lagoonal wackstone/packstone, 11) lagoonal packstone 12) sand shoal packstone, 13) sand shoale grainstone, and 14) open marine mudstone were recognized. All of them have been taken place in the inner part of a ramp. Microfacies 1 to 5 belong to intertidal zone; Microfacies 6 to 11 (and shale) occurred in the lagoon site; Microfacies 12 and 13 referred to the sand shoal and bar; and Microfacies 14 was deposited in the open marine belt of the Sedimentary basin.

The Anambra Basin in southeastern Nigeria is a notable Sedimentary basin with a complex geological history shaped by marine, fluvial, and deltaic processes. This study examines the Sedimentary rock formations within the basin, focusing on the Nkporo, Mamu, Ajali, and Nsukka Formations. The main goal is to reconstruct past hydrodynamic conditions and sediment transport mechanisms that influenced sediment deposition. Using a combination of field observations and quantitative methods, we estimated key paleohydrodynamic parameters such as channel depth, bedform height, sediment transport modes, and flow velocities. Analyzing these parameters provides insights into the ancient environmental conditions during deposition. Our findings reveal diverse depositional environments in the Anambra Basin. The Nsukka Formation is linked to transitional flow conditions with moderate sediment suspension, indicating a balance between transport and settling. In contrast, the Ajali Formation reflects a stable environment dominated by bed load transport, suggesting consistent flow. The Mamu Formation indicates dynamic and turbulent flow conditions that facilitated both bed load and suspended sediment transport. Additionally, the Owelli Sandstone Formation shows transitional flow characteristics typical of coastal or shallow marine environments influenced by both marine and continental processes. This study enhances our understanding of Sedimentary processes in the Anambra Basin and lays a foundation for future research on its geological history and Sedimentary dynamics.

In order to investigate the structural evolution and paleostress analysis of the study area, north of Qazvin, geometry and kinematics of the faults were measured. Following these measurements, the stress tensor and variation of stress directions in different rock units were calculated. For this purpose, 186 fault surfaces and slicken lines from 12 sites were selected and measured. The results of the dynamic analysis using Angelier’s (1991) inversion method indicated that the stress direction changed during Eocene. They also show some changes in the stress field direction, which occurred after Eocene. According to our dynamic analysis on the faults, we classified the tectonic events in the study area. The principal stress axes and their directions for all sites are calculated using Angelier’s software. The results of our study indicate that the main stress dominated in this area is an extension during Eocene. Analysis of the obtained data from this part of the western Alborz Mountains (north Qazvin), indicates a major NE-SW extension in the Eocene volcanic and Sedimentary Rocks. This extension direction is also confirmed by the direction of volcanic dykes, which have intruded in the same period in this area.